The individualistic fallacy, ecological studies and instrumental variables: a causal interpretation
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چکیده
منابع مشابه
The individualistic fallacy, ecological studies and instrumental variables: a causal interpretation
The validity of ecological studies in epidemiology for inferring causal relationships has been widely challenged as observed associations could be biased by the Ecological Fallacy. We reconsider the important design components of ecological studies, and discuss the conditions that may lead to spurious associations. Ecological associations are useful and valid when the ecological exposures can b...
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This note observes that instrumental variables techniques are useful not only for estimating causal effects, but that they simultaneously solve the ecological inference problem. ∗Correspondence can be addressed to the author at MEDS Department, Kellogg School of Management, 2001 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, or by email: [email protected]. The ecological inference problem i...
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BACKGROUND W S Robinson made a seminal contribution by demonstrating that correlations for the same two variables can be different at the individual and ecologic level. This study reanalyzes and historically situates Robinson's influential study that laid the foundation for the primacy of analyzing data at only the individual level. METHODS We applied a binomial multilevel logistic model to a...
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In 19th century Europe, suicide rates were higher in countries that were more heavily Protestant, the inference being that suicide was promoted by the social conditions of Protestantism (Durkheim 1897; also see Neeleman and Lewis 1999). According to Carroll (1975), death rates from breast cancer are higher in countries where fat is a larger component of the diet, the idea being that fat intake ...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology
سال: 2014
ISSN: 1742-7622
DOI: 10.1186/1742-7622-11-18